The hindrance in establishing the diagnosis is mainly due to its nonspecific symptoms and lack of possible microbiological confirmation. ![]() Tuberculosis in pediatric age usually indicates an unidentified and untreated tuberculous contact. 81.4% of this number was pulmonary tuberculosis and 3.1% of all the cases were notified in children under 15 years old. Nevertheless, this decline in the cases did not last long for the fact that from 2006 to 2011, there was an increase, although gradual, in the number of cases that culminated to a report of 18,984 cases in 2011. However, in the subsequent years (2002–2005) this tendency was reverted pointing to a decrease in the number of cases with a report of 16,336 cases in 2005. In Mexico, an increase of 28% in the number of cases of tuberculosis was reported from 1984 to 2001, with 14,612 in 1984 and 18,746 in 2001 notified to the General Direction of Epidemiology. Morbidity and mortality associated with TB are greater in developing nations where 95% of all cases and 98% of all deaths associated with TB were reported to occur in 1990. It is estimated that in countries of low endemicity, tuberculosis in pediatric age represents less than 5% of all cases of tuberculosis while in high endemic countries it could be as high as 20%. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) notifies 250,000 cases each year with a yearly toll of around 20,000 deaths. According to the estimates of World Health Organization (WHO), there are around 8.7 million new cases every year out of which 0.5 million are children. Today, tuberculosis constitutes global public health problem with a greater impact in less industrialized countries. This microorganism not only infects the lung but also other organs such as brain, kidneys and lymph nodes. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PTB in pediatric population represents a diagnostic challenge for the fact that clinical manifestations are unspecific and the diagnosis is not confirmed in all cases that is why clinical suspicion, X-ray findings and PPD are indispensable for opportune start of treatment. 39 (44.8%) patients were treated with rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide while 6 (6.9%) received the former drugs plus streptomycin and 42 (48.3%) the former plus ethambutol. PPD was positive in 59.2%, while positive AFB was found in 51.7% cases. Chest X-ray showed consolidation in 48.3% and mediastinal lymph node in 47.1%. History of contact with TB was established in 41.9%. Fever was found in 94.3%, cough in 77%, and weight loss in 55.2%. Median evolution time was 21 days (5–150). In the 19-year period of revision, 87 children were diagnosed with PTB 57 (65.5%) had bacteriologic confirmation with ZN staining or culture positive (in fact, 22 were ZN and culture positive), and 30 (34.5%) had a probable diagnosis 14(16.1%) were diagnosed with concomitant disease, while 69/81 were immunized. Definitive diagnosis was based on positive acid-fast bacilli (AFB) or culture. A probable diagnosis was based on 3 or more of the following: two or more weeks of cough, fever, tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) +, previous TB exposure, suggestive chest X-ray, and favorable response to treatment. ![]() MethodsĪ retrospective study based on a revision of clinical files of patients less than 18 years old diagnosed with PTB from January 1994 to January 2013 at Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City was carried out. ![]() However, there are few updated information on pediatric TB, reason why the objective of the present study is to know the real situation of PTB in the population of children in terms of its diagnosis and treatment in a third level pediatric hospital. Tuberculosis (TB) in children represents 5 to 20% of the total TB cases. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is an infectious disease that involves the lungs and can be lethal in many cases. MHRA 'TCA', All Acronyms, 5 October 2023, Bluebook All Acronyms, TCA (Oct. TCA, All Acronyms, viewed October 5, 2023, MLA All Acronyms. Retrieved October 5, 2023, from Chicago All Acronyms. Facebook Twitter Linkedin Quote Copy APA All Acronyms.
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